消防員故事 / Fireman story

殉職消防隊目蕭永方


殉職消防員陳兆龍

中國香港旺角嘉禾大廈在2008年8月10日發生五級火警，燃燒六個小時後，在下午3時15分救熄。

火警發生在上午9時20分，旺角彌敦道嘉禾大廈閣樓的一間夜總會起火，消防員在火警發生後8分鐘到場。

現場冒出大量濃煙，記者原本在大廈對面的採訪，要後退到離火場幾幢遠的位置，一段彌敦道和附近街道被濃煙濃罩，警方一度建議附近大廈居民離開。

市民陳先生表示，他在大廈內發現閣樓起火後，曾經使用三個滅火筒滅火，但是火勢未能控制，他就帶走2名老人逃生。

火警中有4人死亡，包括二名消防員，46歲消防隊目蕭永方、25歲消防員陳兆龍、77歲市民和大廈閣樓的燒焦屍體。55名受傷的市民，分別送往伊利沙伯醫院、廣華醫院、瑪嘉烈醫院及明愛醫院救治。33人經過治療後已經出院，22人需要留院的傷者中，有4人情況嚴重。

消防處派出了超過200人，動用了五條消防喉及十隊煙帽隊拯救。

消防處長盧振雄表示，兩名死亡的消防員是有足夠的保護設備，死因需要進一步調查。

消防處表示，消防員到場時，濃凐不能夠排出大廈，令整座大廈內充滿濃煙和大火，令到大廈內的住客不能逃生，增加救援難道。消防處需要不斷增派多隊煙帽隊和消防鋼梯車拯救，有部分市民經由附近大廈救出，消防員總共救出約90人。

並發現起火大廈閣樓和三樓並沒有防煙門，可能有經過改裝。初步認為火警沒有可疑，消防處會成立特別小組調查火警的起因和大廈的消防設備有沒有問題。

有消防專家表示，消防員從外射入大廈的高壓水槍，會令濃煙由大廈排出變為吸回大廈，加上火場沒有防煙門阻隔，令濃凐和火充斥大廈內，造成煙囪效應，在最頂的幾層會充滿濃凐和火。香港的嘉利大廈大火就是因煙囪效應造成嚴重傷亡。

為了方便救援，警方全線封閉一段彌敦道和港鐵旺角站的部分出口，令九龍區交通受阻，部分經過彌敦道的過海巴士一度把巴士總站改在紅磡海底隧道出口。彌敦道已經在晚上全面重開，火場所在的大廈還被封閉調查。

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Fire fighters on Sunday night found a charred body at mezzanine floor of a building in Mong Kok, a downtown area of Kowloon in Hong Kong, raising the death toll of the fatal fire to four.

Police were still investigating the identity of the latest body found.

Earlier, two fire fighters and one woman were killed in the fire which raged in the 15-storey Cornwall Court, Nathan Road, for about six hours before it was extinguished.

Two fire fighters, 46-year-old senior fireman Siu Wing-fong and 25-year-old Chan Siu-lung, died on duty when they were searching from the ground floor to the top of the building.

The two unconscious fire fighters were found by other fire services staff climbing from a nearby building and separately sent to Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Kwong Wah Hospital, where they were later confirmed dead at around 14:04 local time (0404 GMT).

Doctors said they have inhaled too much toxic smoke.

According to the Fire Services Department, the 46-year-old Siu had 24 years of experience in fire services department while Chan joined the department a year ago.

Another woman, aged 77, was sent to Princess Margaret Hospital where she failed all emergency treatment.

Fire fighters battled for about six hours before putting out the fire at 15:13 p.m. local time (0713 GMT).

Forty of about 60 rescued residents were admitted into hospital. A 26-year-old man was in critical condition, three others were serious while the remaining 36 persons were in stable condition.

Another 15 residents were discharged from hospital shortly after receiving medical examination and treatment.

Henry Tang, Chief Secretary for Administration of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) government, condoled on the losses of lives during his visit to families of the two fire fighters.

"I am deeply sorry for the losses of lives in the accident," Tang told reporters, adding "I want to thank the two fire fighters for what they had done for the society."

Tang pledged to render necessary assistance to the families of the two fire fighters and vowed to thoroughly investigate the cause of the fire.

The Fire Services Department has set up a special team to investigate the cause of the fatal fire.

Ambrose Lee Siu-kwong, Secretary for Security of HKSAR government, on behalf of Chief Executive Donald Tsang, expressed his deep condolence to the families of the fire fighters and the resident after visiting the fire scene.

"We're saddened by the passing away of our brave colleagues," Lee said, adding "we all share the grief with their families."

Lo Chun-hung, Director for Fire Services Department, inspected the building when it was still ablaze and lamented on the losses of two fire fighters.

Lo said the two fire fighters were equipped with fire uniforms and helmets before they went into the building to search for stranded residents.

He said the intensive heat and heavy smoke inside the building had made fire fighters' rescue efforts very difficult.

Apart from the two deaths, three other firemen were also injured when fighting the fire.

The fire started from a Karaoke ballroom on the second floor at about 9:20 a.m. local time (0120 GMT) and engulfed the entire building in a very short period of time, according to the preliminary investigation by fire fighters.

Heavy smoke billowing out of the building once darkened the skies nearby and pedestrians could see and smell the fire from blocks away.

A witness said he once tried to stamp out the fire with three extinguishers when the fire broke out but failed. Then he called the fire service department.

"Smoke is everywhere and it was as dark as night," he said.

Upon the report of the fire, the Fire Services Department mobilized more than 200 fire fighters and 40 fire engines to the scene, trying to bring the fire under control and evacuate residents, many of whom were still sleeping when the fire broke out.

Dozens of residents living near the building were forced to evacuate due to the pervading smoke while several exits of the mass transit railway (MTR) at Mong Kok were forced to close down due to the fire.

On May 22, 2007, a 27-year-old fireman died on duty in Hong Kong when fighting a midnight fire at an industrial building in Tsuen Wan.

( Selected News on CRIENGLISH.com )

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Flashover in Fire Fighting

Flashover! It is the most dangerous time of a fire. When the room bursts into flame, flashover has occurred. The scientific definition of flashover states it is caused by the radiation feedback of heat. Heat from the growing fire is absorbed into the upper walls and contents of the room, heating up the combustible gases and furnishings to their auto-ignition temperature. This build up of heat in the room triggers flashover. Flashover signals several major changes in a fire and is the end of an effective search and rescue in a room; It means the death of any person trapped in the blazing room - either civilians or firefighters.

It signals the end of using a portable extinguisher to extinguish the fire; an attack hose-line is required after flashover occurs. It signals the end of the growth stage and that the fire is in the second stage of combustion - the fully developed stage. Finally, flashover signals the change from a contents to a structure fire. This is the beginning of the collapse danger. When operating at a fire, Chiefs and firefighters want to delay flashover inside a burning room. By delaying flashover you can "buy" several minutes which may be critical. For example, you may want to delay flashover to make a search and rescue of the burning room or allow a firefighter to go above a fire to make a rescue of a trapped victim. Or, you may want to delay flashover to gain several minutes when there is a delay in the placement of the first attack hose-line.

Three ways to delay flashover:

Venting: By venting windows of a burning room you release the build up of heat in the room. This slows down flashover in addition to improving visibility in a smoke-filled room. not venting- by not venting and instead closing the door to the burning room, you can also delay flashover.

By not venting, you starve the fire of oxygen, which slows down the combustion rate, which slows down the build up of heat in the room. (See chart for when to vent and when not to vent.) This may be done when there is a delay in stretching a hose-line and all persons are out of the burning room.

Portable extinguisher: The discharge of a portable extinguisher can cool the heat down in a burning room temporarily and delay flashover. To avoid getting trapped by flashover, firefighters must know the warning signs of flashover.

Warning signs of flashover There are two warning signs, which may signal the danger of flashover: Heat mixed with smoke and "rollover."

Heat: When heat mixes with smoke, it forces a firefighter to crouch down on hands and knees to enter a room to perform search and rescue. This must be considered a warning sign that flashover may occur. Heat is the triggering event for flashover. If the heat in the smoke filled room causes us to crouch down near the floor, we must consider the danger of flashover.

Rollover: Rollover is defined, as sporadic flashes of flame mixed with smoke at ceiling level. Rollover is caused by heated combustible gases in smoke, which ignites into flashes of flame when mixed with oxygen in the air. Rollover precedes flashover. Rollover is another warning sign of flashover, which may be seen in the smoke coming out of the tops of doorways or window openings of burning rooms before flashover occurs. When searching for the location of a fire and there is no discernible heat in the smoke or signs of rollover, firefighters may enter and proceed for some distance into a fire area. However, If one of these warning signs is discovered and a flashover danger exists, defensive search procedures must be used by firefighters. Standard tactics and procedures must be curtailed and defensive search and rescue procedures substituted when there is a danger of flashover.

Defensive search procedures:There are two defensive search procedures that can reduce the risk of death and injury from flashover: At a doorway: A firefighter should check behind the door for the victim, then enter the hallway or room not more than five feet, sweep the floor, look for unconscious persons, call out and listen for a response. If no response is forthcoming, close the door and wait for the hose-line. As the attack hose-line advances, conduct a search and rescue behind the line, searching room and space outward from the hose-line. At a window: When climbing a ladder placed at a window and the window breaks from either the heat of the fire or because it is opened by the firefighters at the top of the ladder, and smoke and signs of rollover are seen in the smoke, the firefighter should not enter the burning window. Instead the firefighter should crouch down below the heat and sweep the area below the windowsill with a tool. In some instances a person may collapse at the window and fall right below the sill. If a victim is found, a firefighter on the ladder might be able to crouch below the heated smoke and flashes of flames mixed with smoke coming out the window and pull the victim to safety on the ladder.

Point of no return

After a flashover occurs, firefighters may have past the point of no return. The point of no return is a distance inside a burning room beyond which a searching firefighter will not escape and will not reach the door or window entered. How far inside a burning room can a firefighter be and still escape back out the door alive and not suffer serious bums after a flashover occurs? How far into the burning room that appears about to flashover should a firefighter go? Five feet is the point of no return after the room explodes into a flashover. We can figure this distance out by putting together several facts. For example, tests conducted in 1960 in California discovered that fire temperatures of 280'-320' F cause intense pain and damage to exposed skin. Also the average temperature in a room that flashes over is 1000' to 1500' F. And, time and motion tests in the Handbook of Fire Protection reveal that the average person moves 2-1/2-feet per second when walking. Now, the question is how long can a firefighter take 1000'-1500' F on the neck, ears, wrists and any other exposed portion of the body? I say two seconds. If there is 1000' F flame in a burning room that has just flashed over and a firefighter is five feet inside the room, and crawls back to the doorway at 2-1/2-feet per second, he will feel 1000'-1500' F on exposed portions of skin not covered by fire gear for two seconds. If you say you can enter 10 feet into a room about to flashover and it does, and you try to escape you will experience 1000' -1500' F on the exposed portions of your body for four seconds. Think about it.

Lessons learned Firefighters should know the definition of flashover. They should know the warning signs of this danger heat in smoke and rollover. Also firefighters must know how to delay flashover - a room bursting into flames. And most important for firefighters' safety and survival, they must know defensive firefighting procedures - how to search and stay alive.

Article from : http://www.workingfire.net/misc3.htm

CPR & AED / 心肺復甦法與自動心臟復甦機(AED)

一般自動心臟復甦機(AED)使用：

全自動體外電擊器(Automated External Defibrillator, AED)生存之鏈包括儘早求救、儘早心肺復甦術、儘早去顫電擊及儘早高級醫療照護，而前三者現已歸類為基本心臟救命術(Basic Life Support)，大部份突然心跳停止的病人(≧8歲)，其起始的心律是心室顫動(VF)，故理想目標是在5分鐘內儘速給予去顫電擊。
AED的使用步驟

步驟1：打開電源開關 (Power on the AED)。

步驟2：貼上電擊片，插入導線 (Attach electrode pads)。

步驟3：分析心律 (Analyze the rhythm)。

步驟4：確定無人接觸病患，依機器指示電擊(Clear the victim and press the shock button)。

AED電擊貼片黏貼的位置

右側電擊片貼在右胸部上方鎖骨下面，胸骨右側處。左側電擊片貼在左乳頭外側，電擊片上緣要距離左腋窩下約7公分左右。

AED的禁忌：

1. 小於8歲以下或體重小於25公斤病患不能使用。

2. 避免接觸水源，若胸部潮濕，須先擦乾再使用AED。

3. 若胸部有藥物貼片或胸部內裝有心律調節器或電擊器(Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, ICDs)，則AED的電極片須貼在遠離上述器具至少2.5公分處。

4. 分析心律時，不可晃動病人，若在行駛的救護車上AED無法分析心律，須先將救護車停穩再行使用。

PAD (Public Access Defibrillator)：在公共場所設置AED使大眾能及時拿到AED，這種公用的AED稱為PAD。

PAD設置的考量：

1. 每年1000個社區居民有大於1個居民發生心跳停止的比率即可考慮設置PAD。

2. 啟動EMS服務系統不能在5分鐘抵達急救現場即可考慮設置PAD。

3. 社區內有經過急救訓練的居民可在5分鐘內趕抵急救現場啟動EMS服務系統，有施予CPR及使用AED的能力，即可考慮設置PAD。

PAD急救員的分類

第一級急救員：如警察、消防隊員、警衛、運動教練、空服人員、保全人員、遊艇業者等都應積極接受AED操作的訓練。

第二級急救員：如工廠、公司行號、工作人員等應儘可能接受AED操作的訓練。

第三級急救員：如高危險群疾病的家人或朋友等應儘可能接受AED操作的訓練。

http://www.24drs.com/special_report/first_aid/0910_2_4.asp

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Place AEDs in public areas

I REFER to “Golden hour to treat heart attack” (The Star, Sept 3), where Prof Dr Wan Azman Wan Ahmad, head of the cardiology unit of UMMC, was quoted as saying that the risk of death among heart attack victims increased when they did not seek treatment in time.
While the professor is correct, this survival refers to victims who can still decide whether to seek treatment or not.

These victims would not have suffered a severe arrthymia (heart rhythm disturbance) called ventricular fibrillation.

If heart attack victims do suffer ventricular fibrillation (and the majority do), and if they are untreated immediately, they usually do not even survive the first few minutes.

In the condition of ventricular fibrillation, the heart quivers rather than beats, and is unable to pump blood to all parts of the body. This is called sudden cardiac arrest.

With no blood flow to the brain, death occurs in a matter of minutes. Survival is only in the order of 2%.

However, ventricular fibrillation can be treated if a device called an automated external defibrillator (AED) is used.

With this device, under optimal conditions where it can be applied within three minutes, survival has been shown to improve to almost 75%!

Wikipedia’s entry on acute myocardial infarction states:
“If an AED is available, the rescuer should immediately bring the AED to the patient’s side and be prepared to follow its instructions should the victim lose consciousness.”

AEDs are fully automated devices that, once applied to the chest of the victim, can deliver an electric shock to the heart to correct ventricular fibrillation.

If no ventricular fibrillation is detected, and a shock is thus not needed, it cannot be made to deliver the shock.

As such, AEDs can only help, and will not harm the victim.
Thus, lay responders need not fear harming any victim suspected of having sudden cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation.

In the United States, there are laws to ensure that all federal buildings and public places with high pedestrian traffic flow (stadiums and airports), as well as all commercial airlines, have AEDs.

Sudden cardiac arrest can strike anybody, as shown by the untimely death of 22-year-old Spanish international footballer Antonio Puerta.

I propose that the Government installs AEDs at all government buildings with high pedestrian traffic flow, as well as legislate to have them in public places like airports, sports stadiums, and shopping malls.

Those private citizens who are at high risk of heart attacks, like those who have had a previous heart attack, or are diabetic, should also consider having one in their own homes.

DR T.H. LIEW,
Johor Baru.

http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/9/4/focus/18769479&sec=focus

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香港心臟專科學院 自動心臟復甦機（AED）推廣計劃 (詳情)

香港心臟專科學院舉辦了「自動心臟復甦機(AED)推廣計劃」，以提高市民對心臟病及猝死的認識和警覺性。於零七年三月十一日，蘭桂坊協會成為首個獲學院捐贈AED的機構。自動心臟復甦機的成本效益是與該地點的人流與及發生猝死的機會有著非常密切的關係。

蘭桂坊是一個非常理想的地點，裝設了自動心臟復甦機的蘭桂坊現已成為令人「安心」的消閒地方。其他可以考慮安裝自動心臟復甦機的地點包括公共運動場館、地鐵站及安老院等。

香港心臟專科學院相信，如能在緊急情況下可即時使用自動心臟復甦機，將有助拯救更多生命。學院是次推廣計劃的目標是要加強公眾的認知、推廣基本急救技能的訓練與及統籌在合適地點裝設自動心臟復甦機。

本院更與律敦治及鄧肇堅醫院急症科訓練中心合辦六小時之實習課程供有興趣學習急救技術及AED操作的市民參與。

http://www.hkcchk.com/public_aed.php

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義香麻油廠貨倉大火 / Ghee-Hiang sesame oil factory store fire !

Fire scene
Originally uploaded by Rescue Dog

A famous local sesame oil production factory ( Ghee-Hiang ) was reported a fire happen at the factory's store on 03 sep 2007 at about 3.00am. No casualty report and fire & rescue dept still investigate the cause of fire.

檳城義香麻油廠貨倉於2007年9月3日凌晨約3點發生大火，把該廠貨倉燒毀，幸無任何傷亡報告。消拯人員目前正在調查大火肇因。

相關照片:

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Watch movie at youtube : www.youtube.com/watch?v=abfEoyUI8QQ

豐盛園大火 @ Hong Seng Estate Fire

A fire reported on 25 Aug 2007 at Hong Seng Estate, Penang caused a 3 years old girl death.

The TNB technicians was blamed by the people to late respond at the scene to cut off the power.

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相關新聞
豐盛園木屋區大火 3歲童睡夢中燒死
（檳城訊）32年來不曾發生嚴重火患的白雲山豐盛園木屋區，週六凌晨1點疑因一間民宅的睡房燈泡爆裂起火，燒死一名酣睡中的3歲小女童。女童的婆婆在發現失火後及時抱出6歲男孫，轉頭想要救孫女時卻已是一片火海，無能為力。她因為救孫心切，全身近40%皮膚也被灼傷。

豐盛園一帶都是木板屋，屬高風險火災區。在消拯員及居民高度警戒下，過去只發生過2次輕度火災。災黎形容這次火災是當地有史以來最嚴重和可怕的一次。

疑燈泡爆裂起火

死者蔡詩佳，年僅3歲；至於救孫受傷的53歲婆婆吳卿蓮，目前仍在檳城醫院留醫。

附近居民說，案發當晚有人看見門牌695Z木屋冒出濃煙，於是大聲呼叫失火，並致電消拯局。檳島兩間消拯局和州內的兩支義消隊緊急出動7輛消防車到場。但狹窄的巷道卻因兩旁停滿車輛，導致消防車寸步難行。

當消防車開進災區，已有3間屋子陷入火海。火勢迅速蔓延，3間屋子的屋頂過後全部塌下，並騰起滾滾濃煙和長長火舌。當地多數居民驚醒後，紛紛提水桶救火，並協助老弱逃生。

男孫腳板灼傷

住在門牌695Z的吳卿蓮赤腳抱著6歲男孫蔡祥嘉逃出火場後，神色慌張地哭喊：“快救我孫女，她還在房裡！”居民聽到後，急忙往火場搜索。

由於火場已是一片火海，眾人阻止吳卿蓮再回到屋內救人，並將她送院治療。蔡祥嘉則交由一名親人看管。他的腳板也被灼傷。

消拯員在得知失火屋內還有人之後，分兩路往吳卿蓮的住處灌救。37名消拯員經過一番拚搏，大火在半小時內受控。消拯員接著趕緊戴上氧氣筒，衝入屋裡搜救女童。

大火直至凌晨2點25分被撲滅，消拯員仔細清理和搜索災場後，最終在角落的一個小房間找到相信是小女孩的焦屍。焦屍當時已被埋在燒塌了的床架和廢墟中。

消拯員費了半小時終於拾起支離破碎的屍骸，送入檳城醫院剖驗。大火除了燒毀3間屋子及一間房屋的屋頂，另有4間屋子僅屋頂局部熏黑或燒焦。

吸入濃煙感不適 婆婆救男孫40%灼傷

小死者婆婆吳卿蓮抱著男孫逃出來時，已被高溫熏至滿臉通紅，她因吸入濃煙不適，戴上氧氣面罩送院救治。亞依淡升旗山義消隊成員為她療傷時，她口中還不斷唸著孫女名字，並一直哭喊“我的孫女還在裡面，快救救她。”

目前，吳卿蓮經過一夜的治療，她的傷勢已無大礙。她全身近40%皮膚燒傷，主要是雙手、背部和雙腿。

文摘自光明日報 • 2007/08/25

北海雙溪浮油 ( Sg. Puyu )市區大火

(照片轉載自光華日報電子新聞網)

在還未正式分享任何拯救相關選文和資訊之前，先來分享一則於2007年8月3日，晚上約11點多發生在在雙溪浮油市區的大火新聞。

根據新聞報導，總共有7間木板店屋和1間民宅被燒毀，所幸沒有任何傷亡報告。有關新聞也報導說，距離火災現場100公尺範圍內有3個消防栓完全不能派上用場，當地一名國會議員希望消拯單位關注。

一些公眾在現場目睹大火後，用手機拍攝成短片，上載YOUTUBE和網友分享。





更多相關新聞：http://www.kwongwah.com.my/news/2007/08/05/11.html

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjbVHaSLMs4

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